Below is the graphical representation of the SharePoint Server Object Model hierarchy.
You can use different entry points into the object model to obtain the appropriate objects (SPWebApplication, SPSite or SPWeb).
Physically, SPWebApplication represents an IIS load-balanced website containing a custom web.config and a standard set of SharePoint specific files and virtual directories including the *_layouts* directory and the *_controltemplates* directory.
What is called a “Web site” (or occasionally just a “site”) in SharePoint Foundation was called a “Web” in the original version of SharePoint Foundation—Microsoft SharePoint Team Services. Therefore, the class that represents it is called SPWeb. Similarly, a site collection was called simply a “site”, which is why the class that represents a site collection is named SPSite.
- SPWeb is an instance of a SharePoint Website (or a “Site” from the UI), this includes sub-sites:
- An SPWeb object can be a child of another SPWeb object or of an SPSite object. If it is the child of an SPSite object, it is the top-level Web site in its site collection.
- An SPWeb object has a Webs property that returns a collection of other SPWeb objects; specifically, the immediate child subsites under it.
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- SPSite represents a (web) site collection, but is not a real collection class that would implement ICollection interface:
- The SPSite class has a RootWeb property that holds its child top-level Web site. (Top-level Web sites were called “root webs” in the first version of SharePoint Foundation, Microsoft SharePoint Team Services.) In turn, the SPWeb object that represents the top-level Web site has a Webs property that holds all its immediate child subsites (but not the subsites of those subsites). (The SPSite.AllWebs property returns all the subsites and the top-level Web site).
- SPWebApplication is an instance of an IIS Web Application that hosts SharePoint site collections
Unfortunately, there is also a class called SPSiteCollection which is a collection of SPSite, and not a site collection object!
- SPSiteCollection is a collection of site collections (SPSite’s ), that implements ICollection interface.
- SPWebCollection is collection of Website, that implement a ICollection interface.
Fundamentally, an SPSite contains metadata about the collection, and no content, and an SPWeb will contain both metadata and content (in Lists).
References: Content Hierarchy of SharePoint Foundation